3D printing has already transformed manufacturing, healthcare, engineering, and product development. Now, researchers are ...
Learn how smart materials let printed objects change shape or function in response to heat, light, water and other triggers.
With 4D printing, the objects can change shape or properties using external stimuli such as temperature, light, pH, magnetic field, electricity, and moisture. Additionally, the changes in shape or ...
Combining materials with different swelling ratios creates structures that transform into tubes when exposed to water. (Courtesy: Yu Bin Lee) Materials that controllably change shape over time – often ...