Patient 1 was a 53-year old Caucasian female who presented with complaints of low back discomfort. She gave a medical history of self-induced abortion at 6 months’ gestation, complicated by pelvic ...

Explores the anatomy and functions of human joints, categorizing them into three main types: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. It details the characteristics and subtypes of each joint type, ...

While giving birth to live young is a trait that most people associate with mammals, this reproductive mode—also known as viviparity—has evolved over 150 separate times among vertebrates, including ...

What do we have in common with fish, besides being vertebrates? The types of joints we (and most vertebrates) share most likely originated from the same common ancestor. But it’s not a feature that we ...

Our understanding of shark evolution may need to be rethought following the discovery of a 410-million-year-old ancestor of this group of fish. Sharks are cartilaginous fish, meaning their skeletons ...

The fossil record shows that cartilaginous fish evolved at least 420 million years ago, and rapidly diversified to become one of the most species-rich groups of predators on Earth. While they have ...