We present a novel variation of the traction test of the inferior oblique (IO) muscle. We demonstrate the correlation between the traction test and clinically graded IO overaction and describe the ...

Patients with symptomatic unilateral right inferior oblique overaction/superior oblique underaction may describe diplopia that is initially confined to levo-elevation or levo-depression, and ...

Alphabet patterns like A or V, first described by Urist, [1] are known to occur in association with esotropia or exotropia in the primary position. Less commonly, a significant deviation (exotropia) ...

The obliques are the muscles running down either side of the abdomen. Pain in these muscles often occurs due to a type of injury known as “side strain.” There are two sets of oblique muscles: external ...

A complex system of nerves and muscles enables the human eye to blink, gaze, and shift focus. The trochlear nerve is one of six cranial nerves that carry electrical impulses from the brain to the eye.

A 16-year-old girl presented with a history of her right eye drifting upward since age 3 years. She had no history of diplopia, headaches, serious illness, or previous trauma. Her best corrected ...