Analysis of objects-by-attributes matrices is often carried out by first calculating a measure of pairwise similarity or dissimilarity between the objects. This paper investigates order invariance ...

Measurement invariance is a fundamental property of educational assessments that ensures a given test or scale measures the intended construct consistently across different student groups, cultural ...

The invariant polynomials Cφ κ 1,...,κ r (X1,...,Xr) (Davis [8] and Chikuse [2] with r (r ≥ 2) symmetric matrix arguments have been defined, extending the zonal ...

A group of mathematicians has shown that at critical moments, a symmetry called rotational invariance is a universal property across many physical systems. For more than 50 years, mathematicians have ...

If the SINGLE option is not used, PROC MODEL computes values that simultaneously satisfy the model equations for the variables named in the SOLVE statement. PROC MODEL provides three iterative methods ...