A 55-year-old man with a history of mild aortic stenosis presents to his cardiologist for a routine exam. He says he has no cardiac symptoms and is physically active. Physical examination is ...

An aortic stenosis murmur is an unusual sound the heart makes due to a narrowing of the aortic heart valve. The narrowed heart valve restricts blood flow from the heart, which can create a murmur.

Background Heart auscultation is a widely used and cost-effective clinical tool for detecting valvular heart disease (VHD), particularly in primary care. However, existing evidence on its diagnostic ...