We seek to enrich organizational inquiry by introducing an additional level of abstraction based on theory complexity. We develop four levels of theory complexity and anchor each with well-established ...

Numerous researchers have proposed that trust is essential for understanding interpersonal and group behavior, managerial effectiveness, economic exchange and social or political stability, yet ...

Douglas MacGregor's Theories X and Y classify employees as either extrinsically motivated by fear of consequences or desire for reward, or intrinsically motivated by a will to succeed, respectively.

Sixty years ago, social psychologist Douglas McGregor developed two different theories — Theory X and Theory Y — about how managers perceive employees. Theory X managers are authoritarian. They ...